1 Body temperature
1 體溫
Effects of cold environment
寒冷環(huán)境的影響
A cold environment challenges the worker in three ways:
寒冷的環(huán)境對(duì)工人的影響來自三個(gè)方面：
·???????? air temperature
·???????? 空氣溫度
·???????? air movement due to wind
·???????? 由風(fēng)所引起的空氣運(yùn)動(dòng)
·???????? air humidity
·???????? 空氣濕度
In order to work safely, these challenges have to be counterbalanced?by:
為了能夠安全的進(jìn)行工作，我們需要通過以下途徑來應(yīng)對(duì)這些影響：
·???????? proper insulation of protective clothing
·???????? 適當(dāng)?shù)慕^緣防護(hù)服
·???????? physical activity
·???????? 身體活動(dòng)
·???????? controlled exposure to cold by a work and rest schedule.
·???????? 通過合理安排作息日程表來控制暴露在寒冷環(huán)境的時(shí)間。
Moreover, working conditions can be more dangerous due to the presence of snow or of ice on the roads and on the pathways.
此外，當(dāng)?shù)缆飞嫌醒┗蛘哂斜鶗r(shí)，工作條件會(huì)更加危險(xiǎn)。
Wind-chill temperature
風(fēng)寒溫度
At any temperature, the sensation of cold is higher when the wind speed increases. The combined effect of cold air and wind speed is expressed as wind-chill temperature. It gives a correspondence between the actual temperature with its conditions of wind and a temperature that would have the same effects without any wind.
當(dāng)溫度一定時(shí)，風(fēng)速越大，人們就感覺越寒冷。因此，人們用風(fēng)寒溫度來表示冷空氣和風(fēng)速的綜合影響。如下表所示，實(shí)際溫度和風(fēng)力的綜合影響與無風(fēng)時(shí)某一溫度的影響存在著一一對(duì)應(yīng)的關(guān)系。
?
? | ? | ? | Wind-chill temperature (Celsius degrees)風(fēng)寒溫度（攝氏度） |
Wind speed (km/s) 風(fēng)速 | 0 | ? | 0 | -5 | -10 | -15 | -20 | -25 | -30 | -40 | -50 |
10 | ? | -3 | -9 | -15 | -21 | -27 | -33 | -39 | -51 | -63 |
20 | ? | -5 | -12 | -18 | -24 | -31 | -37 | -43 | -56 | -68 |
30 | ? | -7 | -13 | -20 | -26 | -33 | -39 | -46 | -59 | -72 |
40 | ? | -8 | -14 | -21 | -27 | -34 | -41 | -48 | -61 | -74 |
50 | ? | -8 | -15 | -22 | -29 | -35 | -42 | -49 | -63 | -76 |
60 | ? | -9 | -16 | -23 | -30 | -37 | -43 | -50 | -64 | -78 |
? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? |
? | ? | Slight risk 輕微危險(xiǎn) | Moderated risk 中度危險(xiǎn) | High risk 高危險(xiǎn) | Immediate risk 即刻危險(xiǎn) |
(Figures from French National Institute of Research on Safety, INRS)
（數(shù)據(jù)來自法國國家安全研究所）
It means that:
從圖中我們可以看到：
·???????? as soon as wind-chill temperature is less than - 5 degrees there is a slight risk.
·???????? 當(dāng)風(fēng)寒溫度低于零下5攝氏度時(shí)，屬于輕微危險(xiǎn)。
·???????? as soon as wind-chill temperature is less than – 25 degrees there is a moderated risk, for instance with a temperature of -15 degrees and a wind speed over 30 km/s
·???????? 當(dāng)風(fēng)寒溫度低于零下25攝氏度時(shí)，屬于中度危險(xiǎn)，例如，當(dāng)空氣溫度為零下15攝氏度，風(fēng)速高于30 km/s時(shí)。
·???????? as soon as wind chill temperature is less than – 40 degrees there is a high risk for instance with a temperature of -25 degrees and a wind speed over 40 km/s
·???????? 當(dāng)風(fēng)寒溫度低于零下40攝氏度時(shí)，屬于高度危險(xiǎn)，例如，當(dāng)空氣溫度為零下25攝氏度，風(fēng)速高于40 km/s時(shí)。
·???????? as soon as wind-chill temperature is less than -55 degrees there is an immediate danger.
·???????? 當(dāng)風(fēng)寒溫度低于零下55攝氏度時(shí)，屬于非常危險(xiǎn)。
Means of prevention
預(yù)防手段
For continuous work in temperatures below zero degree, heated warming rest rooms should be available. The work should be studied to avoid excessive sweating. Proper rest periods in a warm area should be allowed.
對(duì)于低于零攝氏度環(huán)境下的連續(xù)工作，需要配有加熱保暖的休息室。在工作中要學(xué)會(huì)避免過度出汗。應(yīng)當(dāng)允許在溫暖的區(qū)域進(jìn)行適當(dāng)?shù)男菹ⅰ?/div>
The risk of cold injury can be minimized by proper equipment design, safe work practices and appropriate clothing:
通過正確的裝備設(shè)計(jì)、安全工作實(shí)踐和妥當(dāng)?shù)囊轮?，可以把寒冷損傷的危險(xiǎn)降到最低。
·???????? Equipment Design: For work below the freezing point, metal handles and bars should be covered by thermal insulating material. Also, machines and tools should be designed so that they can be operated without having to remove mittens or gloves
·???????? 裝備設(shè)計(jì)：對(duì)于冰點(diǎn)溫度以下的工作，應(yīng)使用絕熱材料覆蓋金屬把手和欄桿。同樣，在設(shè)計(jì)機(jī)器和工具時(shí)，應(yīng)保證在操作時(shí)不需要脫掉手套。
·???????? Surveillance and Monitoring: When outdoor temperature is below the freezing point, temperature and air speed should be monitored at least every 4 hours.
·???????? 溫度檢測：當(dāng)室外溫度低于冰點(diǎn)時(shí)，應(yīng)至少每四小時(shí)檢測一次溫度和風(fēng)速。
·???????? Emergency Procedures: Procedures for providing first aid and obtaining medical care should be clearly outlined. For each shift, at least one trained person should be assigned the responsibility of attending to emergencies.
·???????? 緊急應(yīng)變程序：明確闡述急救和獲得醫(yī)療保健的程序。每個(gè)班組都應(yīng)至少有一個(gè)受過緊急情況培訓(xùn)的人。
·???????? Training: Workers and supervisors involved with work in cold environments should be informed about symptoms of adverse effect exposure to cold, proper clothing habits, safe work practices, physical fitness requirements for work in cold, and emergency procedures in case of cold injury. While working in cold, a buddy system should be used. Look out for one another and be alert for the symptoms of hypothermia.
·???????? 培訓(xùn)：在寒冷環(huán)境下工作的員工和管理者應(yīng)當(dāng)了解暴露在寒冷天氣里的不良癥狀、正確的穿衣習(xí)慣、安全工作實(shí)踐、寒冷環(huán)境中工作的體能要求以及寒冷凍傷后的緊急應(yīng)變程序等。當(dāng)在寒冷條件下工作時(shí)，應(yīng)當(dāng)使用兩人同行制，各負(fù)責(zé)另一人的安全，以警惕發(fā)生低溫癥狀。
·???????? PPE for working in the cold : Protective clothing is needed for work below 4°C. Clothing should be selected to suit the temperature, weather conditions, the level and duration of activity, and job design. Clothing should be worn in multiple layers which provide better protection than a single thick garment. The air between layers of clothing provides better insulation than the clothing itself.
·???????? 個(gè)人防護(hù)裝備：在低于4攝氏度下工作時(shí)，需要穿著防護(hù)服。在防護(hù)服的選擇上應(yīng)考慮到溫度、天氣情況、勞動(dòng)程度、持續(xù)時(shí)間以及工作設(shè)計(jì)。相對(duì)只穿一件厚衣服來說，穿多層衣服可以得到更好的保護(hù)。各層衣服間的空氣所起到的隔熱作用要超過衣服本身。
Effects of cold on work performance
寒冷在工作業(yè)績方面的影響
Uncomfortably cold working conditions can lead to lower work efficiency and higher accident rates. Cold impairs the performance of complex mental tasks. Manual tasks are also impaired because the sensitivity and dexterity of fingers are reduced in the cold. At even lower temperatures, the cold affects the deeper muscles resulting in reduced muscular strength and stiffened joints. Mental alertness is reduced due to cold-related discomfort. For all these reasons accidents are more likely to occur in very cold working conditions. Women are generally at a greater risk of cold injury than men. Diseases of the blood circulation system, fatigue, consumption of alcohol or some medications, smoking can increase the risks.
不幸的是，寒冷的工作條件不僅使工作效率降低，還會(huì)增加發(fā)生事故的幾率。寒冷會(huì)削弱復(fù)雜的腦力勞動(dòng)的表現(xiàn)。手工勞動(dòng)同樣會(huì)受到影響，因?yàn)楹鋾?huì)降低手指的靈敏度和靈活性。當(dāng)溫度更低時(shí)，寒冷甚至?xí)绊懙礁畹募∪?，致使肌肉力量降低和關(guān)節(jié)僵硬。寒冷帶來的不適會(huì)降低神經(jīng)的警覺性?；谏鲜鲈?，在非常寒冷的條件下是很容易發(fā)生事故的。女性比男性更容易受到寒冷損傷。血液循環(huán)系統(tǒng)的疾病、疲勞、酒精或服用某些藥物、吸煙都使上述風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增大。
