Cooling of body parts may result in various cold injuries - non-freezing injuries, freezing injuries - and hypothermia which is the most serious.

身體各部分受冷后會引起各種各樣的寒冷損傷—非凍傷、凍傷以及最嚴重的低體溫癥。

Toes, fingers, ears and nose are at greatest risk because these areas do not have major muscles to produce heat. In addition, the body will preserve heat by favoring the internal organs and thus reducing the flow of blood to the extremities under cold conditions. Hands and feet tend to get cold more quickly than the torso because:

腳趾、手指、耳朵和鼻子是最容易受到寒冷損傷的器官，因為它們沒有可以產生熱量的肌肉。此外，在寒冷的環(huán)境里，身體會降低流向四肢的血液流動速度來為內部器官保留熱量。人的手腳比軀干冷的更快的原因有：

·???????? they lose heat more rapidly since they have a higher surface area-to-volume ratio, and

·???????? 因為手和腳的表面積與體積的比例更大，所以它們更容易散失熱量；

·???????? they are more likely to be in contact with colder surfaces than other parts of the body.

·???????? 與身體其它部分相比，手和腳接觸寒冷表面的機會更多。

If the eyes are not protected with goggles in high wind chill conditions, the corneas of the eyes may freeze.

在高風寒的條件下，如果沒有佩戴護目鏡的話，眼角膜可能會被凍住。

The most severe cold injury is hypothermia which occurs from excessive loss of body heat and the consequent lowering of the inner core temperature (internal temperature of the body). Hypothermia can be fatal.

低體溫癥是最嚴重的寒冷損傷，由于體內熱量的大量流失，內部核心溫度（身體內部溫度）持續(xù)降低。低體溫癥將是致命的。

First aid for frostbite includes:

凍傷急救包括：

·???????? If possible, move the victim to a warm area.

·???????? 如果可能的話，將傷者轉移到溫暖的區(qū)域。

·???????? Loosen or remove constricting clothing or jewelry that may restrict circulation.

·???????? 放松或脫掉緊身的衣服或首飾以避免限制血液流通。

·???????? Loosely cover the affected area with a dressing. Place some gauze between fingers and toes to absorb moisture and prevent them from sticking together.

·???????? 用衣服覆蓋在受傷的部位上。在手指和腳趾之間放上紗布吸收濕氣以防止它們粘結在一起。

·???????? Quickly transport the victim to an emergency care facility.

·???????? 把傷者快速運送到急救設備上。

·???????? Do not attempt to rewarm the affected area on site, but do try to stop the area from becoming any colder. Without the proper facilities, tissue that has been warmed may refreeze and cause more damage.

·???????? 在現場不要試圖使受傷部位重新暖和起來，但是要盡量去阻止這些部位變的更冷。在沒有合適的設備時，變暖的紙巾可能會結冰，從而帶來更大的損害。

·???????? Do not rub area or apply dry heat.

·???????? 不要摩擦受傷部位或者提供干熱。

·???????? Do not allow the victim to drink alcohol or smoke.

·???????? 不要讓傷者喝酒或吸煙。

SnowHYPERLINK "http://ec.gc.ca/meteo-weather/default.asp?lang=En&n=46FBA88B-1"-HYPERLINK "http://ec.gc.ca/meteo-weather/default.asp?lang=En&n=46FBA88B-1"falls can greatly reduce visibility, create hazardous road conditions, even knock down trees and power lines or roof collapses from snow loads.

降雪會使能見度嚴重降低，產生危險路況，積雪甚至會壓倒樹木、電線，或使屋頂坍塌。

Rain in winter can have serious impacts when it falls on an existing snowpack or on frozen ground.

冬季下雨會產生嚴重的影響，它將使地面上有積雪或結冰。

Freezing rain is precipitation that falls in liquid form at first but then falls through a layer of cold air. If this layer of cold air is thick enough and the air temperature is below freezing, the precipitation freezes on contact with the ground (or an object that is below freezing temperature), forming a coating of ice on its surface. Driving and even walking can be dangerous in such conditions. As well, ice coated utility lines or poles can be brought down due to the excess weight of the ice.

凍雨降水的初始狀態(tài)是液態(tài)的，并隨后進入冷空氣層。當冷空氣層足夠厚且空氣溫度低于冰點時，降水在與地面（或者某個低于冰點的物體）接觸的時候就會結成冰，并在表面形成一層薄冰。在這種條件下駕車或是步行都是非常危險的，此外，覆冰的公用線路或電線桿可能會因為冰的重量過重而被壓倒。

Fog reduces visibility due to suspended water droplets. Driving any vehicle in low visibilities due to fog can be hazardous, therefore speeds should be reduced accordingly。

由于懸浮小水滴的影響，霧使能見度降低。在能見度很低的霧天開車將是非常危險的，所以車速要根據具體的情況有所降低。

All these weather conditions increase the risks of slips and trips when walking in the plant and the risk of car accidents. Internal roads and pathways must be cleaned as soon as possible and salt can be spread on the roads to lower the freezing point of the water. Drivers must adapt the speed of their cars to the external conditions.

以上天氣狀況都會增加在工廠行走時滑倒或被絆倒以及發(fā)生車禍的風險。工廠內部的道路要盡快的進行清理，并在道路上撒鹽以提高冰點溫度。司機同志則要根據外部條件的情況來控制車速。

Leakages of water or steam can create ice stalactites. They are very dangerous when they are hung up in racks or on the edges of roofs, over pathways. They must be removed as soon as possible, and if it is not possible barricades must be set up to avoid circulation under them.

水或者蒸汽的泄漏可能會形成冰柱。當這些冰柱懸掛在道路上方的架子或是房頂邊緣時，將是非常危險的。它們必須盡快被清理掉，如果不能清理的話，那就必須設置路障以避免行人路過。

To clean frozen process equipment, workers use frequently steam provided by a hose linked to a steam pipe. There are risks of burn, especially if the connection between the hose and the pipe is not adequate and so that the hose can be thrown-out of the connection. Connection must be adapted according to Blue Star Headquarters requirements.

對于結冰工藝設備的清理，工人經常使用的工具是一根連在蒸汽管上的軟管。在使用時有被燙傷的危險，特別是當軟管與蒸汽管連接的不太合適的時候，軟管可能會被甩出去。因此，軟管與蒸汽管的連接必須要符合藍星集團總公司的要求。