系統(tǒng)中GPS、應(yīng)變計(jì)、加速度計(jì)等傳感器的監(jiān)測(cè)數(shù)據(jù)傳回到控制中心的計(jì)算機(jī)上,軟件便對(duì)所有數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行同步和實(shí)時(shí)解算。同時(shí),系統(tǒng)傳感器的設(shè)置也可通過(guò)控制中心的計(jì)算機(jī)來(lái)執(zhí)行。
在電源保障上,因數(shù)據(jù)采集與傳輸子系統(tǒng)硬件均選用低功耗元器件,配備太陽(yáng)能和蓄電池供電系統(tǒng)便可實(shí)現(xiàn)長(zhǎng)期野外工作,基本硬件配置如圖5所示。
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4.3 數(shù)據(jù)管理與處理子系統(tǒng)
數(shù)據(jù)管理與處理子系統(tǒng)用于分類管理、計(jì)算和保存相關(guān)信息數(shù)據(jù),是整個(gè)監(jiān)測(cè)預(yù)警系統(tǒng)的數(shù)據(jù)中樞。遠(yuǎn)程數(shù)據(jù)采集軟件將數(shù)據(jù)導(dǎo)入數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)后,按監(jiān)測(cè)數(shù)據(jù)類型分別進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)的整理、計(jì)算分析和存儲(chǔ),并在客戶端以數(shù)據(jù)表和趨勢(shì)圖的方式展現(xiàn)。同時(shí),數(shù)據(jù)管理與處理子系統(tǒng)還可完成監(jiān)測(cè)數(shù)據(jù)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)價(jià)分析。
4.4 預(yù)警信息發(fā)布子系統(tǒng)
當(dāng)評(píng)價(jià)結(jié)果達(dá)到預(yù)警閾值時(shí),立即以手機(jī)短信和電子郵件的方式發(fā)布預(yù)警信息,便于相關(guān)管理部門及時(shí)米取有效措施。
4.4.1管道應(yīng)變(或應(yīng)力)預(yù)警閩值
基于應(yīng)變?cè)O(shè)計(jì)的管道,根據(jù)管材、管徑、壁厚及設(shè)計(jì)內(nèi)部輸送壓力,可計(jì)算出監(jiān)測(cè)管道的軸向容許附加應(yīng)變值,若當(dāng)前軸向附加應(yīng)變值達(dá)到或超過(guò)容許附加應(yīng)變值的一定比例時(shí)即發(fā)出預(yù)警;基于應(yīng)力設(shè)計(jì)的管道,根據(jù)管材、管徑、壁厚及設(shè)計(jì)內(nèi)部輸送壓力,可計(jì)算出監(jiān)測(cè)管道的軸向容許附加應(yīng)力值(在彈性范圍內(nèi),可將監(jiān)測(cè)的軸向附加應(yīng)變轉(zhuǎn)換為軸向附加應(yīng)力),若當(dāng)前軸向附加應(yīng)力值達(dá)到或超過(guò)容許附加應(yīng)力值的一定比例時(shí)即發(fā)出預(yù)警。按照當(dāng)前管道軸向附加應(yīng)變(或應(yīng)力)值占相應(yīng)容許值的不同比例,將管道安全預(yù)警級(jí)別分為藍(lán)色、黃色、紅色3個(gè)等級(jí)。當(dāng)管道軸向附加應(yīng)變(或應(yīng)力)值達(dá)到相應(yīng)容許值的30%時(shí),發(fā)布藍(lán)色預(yù)警;達(dá)到相應(yīng)容許值的60%時(shí),發(fā)布黃色預(yù)警;達(dá)到相應(yīng)容許值的90%時(shí),發(fā)布紅色預(yù)警。
4.4.2地震加速度預(yù)警閾值
依據(jù)《油氣輸送管道線路工程抗震技術(shù)規(guī)范》(GB 50470—2008),不同活躍程度的地震斷裂帶對(duì)管線可能造成的破壞程度差異顯著。一般來(lái)說(shuō),對(duì)管道沿線全新世活動(dòng)斷裂以及地震峰值加速度大于或等于0.2g的地震斷裂帶要予以重點(diǎn)關(guān)注。當(dāng)?shù)卣鹆叶冗_(dá)到0.2g時(shí),即發(fā)出預(yù)警信息。
4.5 管道安全監(jiān)測(cè)預(yù)警系統(tǒng)的應(yīng)用
目前穿越地震斷裂帶的管道安全監(jiān)測(cè)預(yù)警系統(tǒng)已部分應(yīng)用于國(guó)內(nèi)某基于應(yīng)力設(shè)計(jì)的天然氣管道穿越牛首山—羅山活動(dòng)斷裂帶處。監(jiān)測(cè)傳感子系統(tǒng)在斷裂帶兩盤及斷裂帶內(nèi)分別安裝l組管道應(yīng)變監(jiān)測(cè)裝置,以無(wú)線遠(yuǎn)程遙測(cè)方式實(shí)時(shí)采集穿越斷裂帶的管道應(yīng)變數(shù)據(jù),并由數(shù)據(jù)管理與處理子系統(tǒng)對(duì)監(jiān)測(cè)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行管理、分析和存儲(chǔ),實(shí)時(shí)計(jì)算出管道軸向附加應(yīng)力的變化情況,出現(xiàn)異常即發(fā)布預(yù)警。
該處管材為X70鋼,管道直徑為1016mm,管道壁厚為14.6mm,設(shè)計(jì)內(nèi)部輸送壓力為l0MPa,按操作和安裝溫差20℃計(jì)算的管道容許軸向附加拉、壓縮應(yīng)力分別為383.72MPa和-147.74MPa,相應(yīng)的應(yīng)力預(yù)警閾值如表2所示。
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從系統(tǒng)監(jiān)測(cè)成果看,自2008年12月至今,應(yīng)變監(jiān)測(cè)Xl、X3截面軸向附加應(yīng)力未達(dá)到過(guò)預(yù)警閾值;應(yīng)變監(jiān)測(cè)X2截面在2013年4月1 5日因軸向附加壓應(yīng)力超過(guò)容許附加應(yīng)力的30%,曾出現(xiàn)過(guò)l次藍(lán)色預(yù)警。管道軸向附加應(yīng)力總體在溫差和輸送內(nèi)壓作用的合理范圍內(nèi)波動(dòng)。相關(guān)管道管理部門根據(jù)系統(tǒng)監(jiān)測(cè)成果,及時(shí)掌握了穿越活動(dòng)斷裂帶管道的力學(xué)狀態(tài)。
監(jiān)測(cè)系統(tǒng)輸出的各應(yīng)變監(jiān)測(cè)截面軸向附加應(yīng)力如圖6所示。
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5 結(jié)束語(yǔ)
穿越地震斷裂帶的管道安全監(jiān)測(cè)預(yù)警系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)理念是兼顧災(zāi)害的主、客體,分別對(duì)致災(zāi)體和承災(zāi)體開展行之有效的監(jiān)測(cè)。系統(tǒng)利用先進(jìn)的傳感元件和數(shù)據(jù)采集設(shè)備,全天候、不間斷地監(jiān)測(cè)管道工作狀態(tài),在計(jì)算機(jī)硬件和軟件系統(tǒng)的支持和控制下,通過(guò)對(duì)測(cè)量和采集的數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行處理和分析,自動(dòng)評(píng)價(jià)管線的局部安全狀態(tài),并將監(jiān)測(cè)和分析結(jié)果自動(dòng)地存入計(jì)算機(jī)作為管線運(yùn)行的歷史檔案。
在管道應(yīng)變監(jiān)測(cè)的基礎(chǔ)上,結(jié)合斷層兩盤相對(duì)位移、地震加速度監(jiān)測(cè),町以更加準(zhǔn)確地了解管道工作狀態(tài)的變化過(guò)程,了解管道損傷累積和安全性下降的狀況,為管道維護(hù)提供科學(xué)依據(jù)。
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