兩種鉆井液常規(guī)性能如表2所示,評(píng)價(jià)結(jié)果見(jiàn)圖1和表3~5。實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明:①CBMD鉆井液降解率達(dá)88.89%,殘?jiān)蕛H0.58%;②降解后,CBMD鉆井液滲透率恢復(fù)率較高,最高達(dá)100%,WGJH鉆井液滲透率恢復(fù)率最高不超過(guò)30%;③CBMD鉆井液污染過(guò)的煤樣解吸量比達(dá)95.89%與清水接近,WGJH鉆井液污染過(guò)的煤樣解吸量比為20.11%;④CBMD鉆井液具好的保護(hù)煤層效果,WGJH鉆井液保護(hù)煤層效果為差。
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國(guó)內(nèi)初期采用WGJH鉆進(jìn)煤層后,絕大多數(shù)井排水階段的排水量極低,如不采取措施基本不產(chǎn)氣。CBMD在山西省沁水進(jìn)行了現(xiàn)場(chǎng)試驗(yàn),目前正處于排水階段,日排水量約為10m3。實(shí)驗(yàn)評(píng)價(jià)結(jié)果有效地解釋了現(xiàn)場(chǎng)應(yīng)用WGJH后煤層產(chǎn)氣低甚至不產(chǎn)氣的原因,證明了評(píng)價(jià)方法的可靠性。
3.2 討論
3.2.1煤樣含水飽和度對(duì)實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果的影響
干濕巖樣解吸實(shí)驗(yàn)對(duì)比表明,清水侵入后煤樣甲烷解吸量降低明顯,下降了2.3mL/g。分析認(rèn)為,清水侵入后煤樣含水飽和度增加足造成解吸能力下降的主要因素。一般認(rèn)為,甲烷主要賦存于煤巖基塊之中,基塊呈弱親水性且孔喉細(xì)小,毛管壓力高,故具有很強(qiáng)的白吸能力[17]。水相侵入后,不易返排,易形成水相圈閉。圈閉致使?jié)B流通道受阻,基塊壓力難于降低,抑制了甲烷的解吸。因此,室內(nèi)實(shí)驗(yàn)時(shí),要求煤樣具有相近的含水飽和度。
3.2.2基塊空間尺寸對(duì)實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果的影響
Harpalani等研究認(rèn)為,解吸速率、解吸量與基塊空間尺寸關(guān)系密切,基塊尺寸越小,解吸時(shí)間越短,解吸速率越快,解吸越為徹底[18]。因此,基塊空間尺寸越小,越有利于解吸、擴(kuò)散、滲流及管流的匹配,越有利于煤層氣的高效開(kāi)發(fā)。本文及相關(guān)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)選擇60~80目之間的煤粒作為實(shí)驗(yàn)樣品,就是因?yàn)樵谠摿6认?,煤層甲烷的解吸速率和解吸量滿足現(xiàn)有儀器對(duì)吸附解吸精度和時(shí)間的要求。煤樣粒度大,吸附解吸速率慢,實(shí)驗(yàn)耗時(shí)長(zhǎng),影響實(shí)際精度。煤樣粒度小,孔滲通道類(lèi)型不完全,實(shí)驗(yàn)代表性較差。現(xiàn)場(chǎng)煤層壓裂及復(fù)雜結(jié)構(gòu)井技術(shù),在增加單井控制面積、增加井筒與煤層接觸面積的同時(shí),也減小了控制范圍內(nèi)煤巖基塊空間尺寸,故而在較短時(shí)間內(nèi),其煤層氣產(chǎn)量可獲得較大程度的提升[19]。
3.2.3CBMD與WGJH保護(hù)煤層效果分析
CBMD鉆井液降解前黏度為27mPa·s,可有效攜巖。降解后,鉆井完井液聚合物長(zhǎng)分子鏈被剪斷,吸附能力大幅降低,表觀黏度降為4mPa·s,流動(dòng)性與清水相近,極易脫附和返排,保護(hù)了煤層的解吸能力(解吸率95.89%)和滲流通道恢復(fù)能力(滲透率恢復(fù)率100.89%)。另外,實(shí)驗(yàn)中部分煤樣實(shí)驗(yàn)點(diǎn)的滲透率恢復(fù)率大于100%,主要是因?yàn)榻到鈩└纳屏烁罾淼陌l(fā)育狀態(tài)。
WGJH鉆井液幾乎不具降解性能,其黏度較高,流動(dòng)性較差,滲透率恢復(fù)率低,因此,侵入煤層后很難從煤層中返排出來(lái),煤層滲流通道處于堵塞狀態(tài),解吸能力易受到影響。此外,鉆井液中的高分子聚合物,像致密膜一樣包裹和吸附于煤巖表面,阻礙了煤層甲烷的解吸。
4 結(jié)論與建議
1)基于煤層氣產(chǎn)出及損害機(jī)理,提出了鉆井液損害煤層評(píng)價(jià)方法。方法采用解吸量比和滲透率恢復(fù)率作為評(píng)價(jià)鉆井液損害及保護(hù)煤層效果的兩個(gè)參數(shù)。
2)評(píng)價(jià)了煤層氣自降解鉆井液和常規(guī)無(wú)固相聚合物鉆井液儲(chǔ)層損害與保護(hù)能力,室內(nèi)實(shí)驗(yàn)及現(xiàn)場(chǎng)試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,方法簡(jiǎn)單、實(shí)用、有效。建議采用解吸量比和滲透率恢復(fù)率作為鉆井液損害及保護(hù)煤層效果的評(píng)價(jià)參數(shù)。
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